Teori Semantic Geoffery Leech

SEMANTIC

 What is semantic?

semantic is how they understand others and their interpretations. In addition, semantics constructs a relation between adjoining words and clarifies the sense of a sentence, whether the meanings of words are literal or figurative.

semantic based on experts:

Nikelas (1988 : 23) in Pakpahan (2005 : 14) says “Meaning id a complex phenomenon involving relationship between a language and the mind ofits speakers and practical use to which it is put.”By paying attention to the definition above, the word “meaning” has a numberdifferent notions and varieties since speakers, in expressing their ideas, minds,feeling, use a word to mean something different from what it denotes.
2.6 Varieties Meaning
The experts of language have classified meaning from different point ofview based on their deliberations. Those varieties of meaning can be explained inthe following explantions.

Leech’s Seven Types of Meaning

Leech (1981 : 8-23) has defined seven types of meanong. The seven typesof meaning are as follows:
1.Conceptual Meaning is logical, cognitive or denotative contentFor examples:House : a building made for people to live inHorse : a kind of animal which has four legs, a mane and a tail.

2.Conotative meaning is the communicative value and an expression has bythe virtue of what it refers to to over and above its peurely conceptualcontent. And it includes not only physical characteristic, but also social properties and psychologycal.For examples:
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The word “red” has the conotation of
brave
and the word “black” has theconotation of
 magic, evil or fear.

3.Social meaning is a piece of language conveys about the socialcircumstances of it use. It is connected with the situation in which anutterance is uttered.For examples:The word ‘horse, steed and hag’ have the same conceptual meaning but theconvey different social circumstances of their use.Horse (general)Steed (poetic)Hag (slang)

4.Affective meaning is meaning that expresses the personal feelings orattitude of the speakers or the writers.For example:I’m very glad to hear your voice, but I wonder if you would be so kindas to lower your voices a little.

5.Reflected meaning is the meaning that arises in case of multipleconceptual meaning when one sense of a word forms part of our responseto another sense.For example:

6. Collocative meaning consists of the association of a word acquires onaccount of themeanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.For example:
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The word ‘handsome’ and ‘beautiful’ have commom ground in themeaning ‘good looking’. The word ‘handsome’ refers to man and‘beautiful’ refers to woman.

7. Thematic meaning means what is communicated by the way in which aspeaker or writer organizes the message in terms of ordering, focus andemphasis. It is usually applied in the use of acctive and passive forms.For example:1.

She likes orange juice the most2.

Orange juice she like the most3.

It’s orange juice that she likes the mos

SYNTAX

SYNTAX

Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by the which sentences are constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be Viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis. "(Noam Chomsky, 2002: 11)Chomsky said that the syntax is the lesson / lecture on the principles and processes in which the sentences are arranged in a specific language. Research on the specific language syntax has a purpose of its own in which the arrangement of grammar can be seen as a tool to generate a sentence in a language. Another expert who explains the syntax definition is Matthew, quoted by Van Vallin and LaPolla (1997: 1), he said:'The term' syntax 'is from the Ancient Greek syntaxis, a verbal noun the which literally means "arrangement" or "setting out together". Traditionally, it Refers to the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in the which words, with or without Appropriate inflections, are arranged to show connections of meaning within the sentence. 'Matthew explained that the term verbal noun syntax is taken from the ancient Greek language which literlek means "arrangement". Generally, syntax refers to the grammar field that explains about the ways words, with or without inflection, arranged to show the relationship of meaning in a sentence. In line with the explanation of Matthew, Van Valin (2001: 1) expresses the essence of the syntax itself as follows:'First and foremost, syntax offer section with how sentences are constructed, and users of human language employ a striking variety of possible arrangements of the elements in sentences.'According to Van Vallin first and foremost thing is that the syntax that discusses how kalilmat was compiled and syntax also discuss how humans as beings who speak using a variety of arrangements of the element in the sentence.

Correct and Incorrect Syntax 

• Incorrect - While watching a movie, people who text on their phone are very annoying.
• Correct - People who text on their phone while watching a movie are very annoying.

The phrase "while watching a movie" modifies the noun phrase "People who text on their phone" by explaining when they text. The modifier should follow the noun phrase of the sentence.

• Incorrect - Happy about her upcoming promotion, the trip home was full of singing.
• Correct - Happy about her upcoming promotion, Sammie sang all the way home.

The phrase "Sammie sang all the way home" is more descriptive than "the trip home was full of singing.

• Incorrect - Come for a visit I have plenty of food.
• Correct - Come for a visit! I have plenty of food.

Breaking the words into two sentences allows for an exclamation mark which increases the impact of "Come for a visit!"

• Incorrect - Before we go to the movies.
• Correct - I need to rest before we go to the movies.

"Before we go to the movies" is a sentence fragment. Adding "I need to rest" makes the words a complete sentence.

• Incorrect - I gave him money I stole from the store.
• Correct - I gave him the money I stole from the store.

Adding the word "the" further explains which money was given.

• Incorrect - To the movies we are going.
• Correct - We are going to the movies.

Types of sentences containing a subject and a predicate

Syntax usually examines sentences that have a clear inner division into subject and predicate.  There are 3 types of subject/predicate structured sentences:

a) a simple sentence contains at least one subject and one predicate:  John read Pushkin.
b) a compound sentence is two or more simple sentences joined into a single sentence:  John read Pushkin and Mary read Updike.  Each simple sentence maintains its own internal syntactic structure.  They may be joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and or or, or asyndetically(without a conjunction).
c) a complex sentence is a sentence in which one of the syntactic roles is played by an embedded sentence:  I made students read Chomsky.  The simple sentence students read Chomsky plays the role of object of the verb made.  Because the syntax of the two parts of a complex sentence is intertwined, it is often not possible to divide them into two free-standing simple sentences.   *I made.  Students read Chomsky.  I saw Mary run. 

bullying essay

THE CRUEL BULLYING !

Bullying is one of human rights violations that often occur among children and adolescents. Nowadays, the awareness of the younger generation about the dangers of bullying is still lacking. Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior that is manifested by rude treatment and the use of force to influence other people, which is repeated or has the potential to be repeated, and involves an imbalance of power and authorization. This behavior can take various forms, ranging from verbal insults, physical violence, extortion, intimidation, SARA discrimination to cyber bullying. All of that can happen anytime and anywhere. bullying is an act that violates the human rights especially freedom of fear, the right to get protection and freedom of social justice.

Based on the four freedom declaration of human rights in 1948, everyone has the right to freedom from fear. Bullying victims who experience fear will have psychological disorders, the disorder can also affect the physical condition of the victim, disturbing his mental and cyclic means that their rights are difficult to disturb. In Indonesia, many children have become victims of bullying, one of which is Chika Ayu. Reporting from the news.okezone.com news site, a fifth grade student at SDN 02 Bintara, Bekasi, who was only 11 years old, was traumatized and did not want to go to school again after being victimized by bullying by her classmates. According to aunt's victim, the acts of violence experienced by her niece took place in the school environment during recess on Wednesday 21 October 2015. Initially, Chika was bullied with ridicule from her friends. They mocked Chika as "Burik". Chika then cried with her head down in her chair. Not only until there, his friends instead occupied Chika's head until her face was bruised. The incident was very alarming.

Bullying behavior including human rights violations which are considered quite heavy. Based on the Child Protection Act No.23 of 2002 Article 13, every child has the right to be protected from discrimination. Obviously there are a lot of victims of bullying rights that have been taken by the perpetrators, such as the right to obtain security, the right to be respected , the right to protection from discrimination, and so on. In addition, this behavior is also not in accordance with the norms of any religion. Of course, every religion on this earth teaches us to respect each other.

Based on the 1945 Constitution, paragraph 4 has the right to justice. If we analyze from the point of view of the Pancasila, the behavior of bullying contradicts the second principle of Pancasila which reads "just and civilized humanity". This behavior is certainly very inhumane and uncivilized because the offender has degrading and labeling the victim poorly. In addition, we all as young people of Indonesia should be able to inspire the motto "Unity in Diversity", different but still one. Respect is an important key to this problem. If everyone can respect the rights of others, bullying will not happen anywhere. Ironically, many parties do not take this problem seriously. The case of bullying is not something that is simple and can be solved by the child himself. There are many solutions that we can do to prevent bullying behavior in the younger generation.

So, an effective character education is needed in teaching children and adolescents about the dangers and effects of bullying for others. By knowing this, children can also learn to respect the rights of others. Learning like this can be taught through Religion lessons, Civics Education, or in the form of socialization from Counseling Guidance (BK) owned by the school. In addition, there needs to be supervision and attention from both the government, educational institutions, the public and parents so that bullying cases do not occur again. If there are students who are victims of bullying, the school, friends and parents need to provide support and attention to the child to continue to be patient and remain confident. We also should guide the child in solving his problem well to the root. In cases of bullying that create depression and prolonged trauma, parents should take the child to a psychologist.

Affixation

Morphosyntax

Morphosyntax is another word for grammar.

Grammar can be divided into morphologyand syntax. Morphology is the study of words and their rules of formation. And syntax is the study of sentences and their rules of formation. Essentially, morphology and syntax are studies of the same thing – formation rules of a language – but at differing “levels”.

By calling it by the transparent term morphosyntax we are highlighting this dualism.

When we talk about word-formation(morphology) we use terms like

• Noun
• Verb
• Adjective
• Adverb
• Pronoun
• Determiner
• Preposition
• Conjunction

And when we talk about sentence-formation (syntax) we use terms like

• Subject
• Verb
• Object
• Complement
• Adverbial

The term verb unfortunately has “double duty” for word-forming and sentence-forming. So when using the term be careful and clear to your reader/listener as to which meaning of the verb you are trying to convey.

Note also that the sentence-formation terms do not appear in dictionary definitions, indicating most clearly the idea that dictionaries are about words, and not sentences. 

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Phonology linguistics

PHONOLOGY

What is phonology ?
            Lexically, phonology means a study of sound. Phonology deals with the component of a grammar made up of the elements and principles that determine how sounds pattern in a language (O’Grady and dobrovolsky, 1992:52). 

3 Major of articulation
1. Feature         : is the smallest unit of phonology
                        2. Segment       : is the pattern variation of phonology                
               3. Syllable        : structure that consist of a syllabic element

"PLACE OF ARTICULATION 

1. Bilabial : Is a speech sound made by both upper and lower lips ( P,B,M)

 Examples : Pet,Bat,Mat,Pen, Band,  Pie, Buy,My

                2 . Labiodental : Is a speech sound formed with upper teeth and lower lip. The speech sound can be represented by the symbol (F,V)

  Examples: Fan ,Van     Fat,Vate        safe,Save

           3. Dental : Is a speech sound produced with the tongue againts the upper front teeth.Examples: Teeth,Three,Thursday, Theory 

                4. Alveolar : Is a speech sound formed with the tongue touching behind the upper front                                            teeth. The speech sound can be represented by the symbol [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] 

Examples : Tie, Die, Nut, see, Zoo

              5. Palatal: Is a speech sound produced with the tongue and the palate. “sh” and “ch”.                                    Examples : shoe ,brush, wash, wish, dish,shall,  chruch, chiken,teacher,cheat,chat

            6. Velar : Is a speech sound produced with the back of the tongue againts the velum (soft palate). The speech sound can be represented by the symbol [k] [g]

Examples : [k]  kid,kill,kick  [g]  bag,mug,good

                         7. Glottal: Is a speech sound produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. This speech sound can be represented by the symbol [h]

Examples : have ,has, house whom,whose ,who

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